This 0.5 M HEPES [4-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-piperazineethanesulfonic acid)] buffer provides dependable pH control within the 6.8–8.2 range. Because it is adjusted with KOH, it’s particularly suited for experiments where sodium ions might influence results. HEPES is a reliable Good’s zwitterionic buffer broadly applied in molecular biology and biochemistry for its minimal interaction with biological systems. It supports environments requiring precise physiological pH maintenance, such as enzyme kinetics, cell culture, and live imaging applications.